Week 1 – Introduction to Networking

 1. Which of the following is an example of a network layer (layer 3) protocol in the five-layer TCP/IP model?

Answers

·        IP

·        TCP

·        UDP

·        Ethernet

Explanation: Within the TCP/IP paradigm, the network layer is in charge of both the routing and the logical addressing of packets. The Internet Protocol, sometimes known as IP, is an example of a network layer protocol. It is responsible for managing the addressing of devices on a network as well as the routing of data packets.

2. Which of these is an example of something that works on the application layer (layer 5 of the five-layer TCP/IP model)?

Answers

·        UDP

·        An ethernet cable

·        A router

·        A browser

Explanation: Communication between different software programs is handled by the fifth tier of the TCP/IP paradigm, which is called the application layer. The Hypertext transmission Protocol (HTTP) is an example of an application layer protocol. Other examples of application layer protocols include the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), both of which are used for the transmission of files and the delivery of email.

3. Which layer of the five layer TCP/IP model deals with cabling and connectors?

Answers

·        The physical layer

·        The application layer

·        The transport layer

·        The network layer

Explanation: The five-layer TCP/IP model does not have a one-to-one mapping with the OSI model; nevertheless, if we examine the physical layer of the OSI model, it correlates to the lower-level functions such as cabling and connections. The OSI model does not have a one-to-one mapping with the TCP/IP model. In the TCP/IP model, these functions are often included in the Network Interface layer, which is sometimes referred to as the Link layer or the Data Link layer. Unlike the OSI model, which divides its levels specifically into five categories, the TCP/IP model does not.

4. Which level of the TCP/IP five-layer model does a router operate on?

Answers

·        The transport layer

·        The network layer

·        The data link layer

·        The application layer

Explanation: Routers function at the third level of the TCP/IP five-layer paradigm, which is referred to as the Network layer. The Network layer is in charge of logical addressing, routing, and the transmission of data packets across the various networks. It also handles the forwarding of data packets. Routers make judgments based on IP addresses in order to identify the next hop for a packet as it makes its way from the source to the destination across several networks.

5. On which layer are Ethernet standards and some wireless technologies operating?

Answers

·        The network layer

·        The data link layer

·        The physical layer

·        The transport layer

Explanation: The OSI model has two layers, and the second one is called the Data Link layer. Ethernet standards and certain wireless technologies operate on this layer. This layer is often referred to as the Network Interface layer when discussing the TCP/IP concept and its environment. At this layer, framing, addressing, and access to the physical transmission medium are commonly handled by Ethernet for wired networks and wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi. Ethernet is used for wired networks.

6. Which of these allows connections from many devices and inspects the contents of ethernet protocol data?

Answers

·        A cable

·        A hub

·        A switch

·        A collision domain

Explanation: It is presumably a switch that both permits connections to be made from a variety of devices and examines the contents of data sent via the Ethernet protocol. Switches are responsible for the forwarding of Ethernet packets based on the MAC addresses of the devices they are connected to and function at the Data Link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model. In contrast to hubs, which send data to all of the devices that are connected to them, switches selectively advance frames just to the device that the frame was meant for. Some more sophisticated switches additionally have the capacity to examine and filter traffic depending on the contents of the Ethernet frames. This feature is found in some of those switches.

7. What does LAN stand for?

Answers

·        Local area network

·        Locally available network

·        Large area network

·        Little area network

Explanation: The abbreviation for "Local Area Network" is "LAN." It is a network that is restricted to a very small geographic region, such a single building or a school, and is not accessible outside of those boundaries. Local area networks, or LANs, are often used to link computers and other devices to one another inside a particular place for the purpose of sharing resources such as files, printers, and internet access.

8. What's a router?

Answers

·        A physical layer device that prevents crosstalk

·        A device that knows how to forward data between independent networks.

·        A physical layer device that allows connections for many computers at once

·        A more advanced version of a switch

Explanation: A networking device known as a router is used to link two or more separate networks together. It functions on what the OSI model refers to as Layer 3, which is the Network layer. Data packets are sent from one network to another via routers, which are also responsible for finding the most efficient route for the data to take and for making choices based on logical addressing, such as IP addresses. They are very important in the process of guiding the flow of data traffic on both the internet and local networks. A local network may be connected to the internet via the use of routers, which then makes it possible for devices on the local network to interact with devices on other networks.

9. Which of these is a server?

Answers

·        A device operating on the data link layer that connects many devices together inspects ethernet protocol data

·        Something providing data to something requesting the data

·        A device that forwards data between multiple networks

·        Something receiving data from something providing data

10. What kind of wiring is in cables that communicate in voltage changes that are received by the receiving device as ones and zeros?

Answers

·        Gold

·        Fiber

·        Aluminum

·        Copper

Explanation: It seems as if you are describing the wiring that is used in Ethernet connections, which send data via changes in voltage that represent binary digits (ones and zeros). Baseband signaling is the term used to describe this kind of communication.

Wiring in Ethernet cables is commonly of the "twisted pair" kind, which involves twisting together two separate pairs of insulated copper wires. Unshielded Twisted Pair, also known as UTP, and Shielded Twisted Pair, also known as STP, are the most prevalent varieties. The design of twisted pairs helps to limit electromagnetic interference caused by sources outside of the network.

In Ethernet, the voltage fluctuations on the cable are used to represent the binary data that is being transferred (either a 0 or a 1) Utilizing a technique known as Manchester encoding or variants such as 4B/5B encoding are two examples of these variations. This makes it possible to transmit digital signals across the wires, which in turn makes it easier for devices inside a network to communicate with one another and share data.

11. What modulation type is used for computer networks?

Answers

·        Line coding

·        Line crimping

·        Simplex communication

·        RJ45

Explanation: In contrast to analog communication systems, modulation does not play the same role in computer networks as it does in the conventional sense. In its place, digital data is often delivered via the use of a variety of encoding and modulation methods. In computer networks, particularly wired Ethernet networks, the modulation method known as Manchester encoding is the one that is utilized the most often.

The Manchester encoding technique is a kind of digital encoding in which each bit is represented by a change in voltage level that takes place in the midst of a bit period. This facilitates clock recovery and guarantees a balanced number of transitions, which makes it simpler for the receiver to synchronize with the data that is being received.

Commonly used modulation algorithms for wireless computer networks include Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). Modulating the amplitude and phase of the carrier signal in QAM accomplishes the transmission of multiple bits in each symbol. This is done.

Therefore, even though conventional modulation is not a word that is often associated with computer networks, a wide variety of encoding and modulation strategies are used in order to ensure the reliable transmission of digital data.

12. What is the difference between full duplex and half duplex?

Answers

·        Full duplex allows communications in two directions at the same time; half duplex means that only one side can communicate at a time.

·        Half duplex occurs when hubs are in use; full duplex occurs when switches are in use.

·        Full duplex is slower than half duplex.

·        Full duplex is a form of simplex communications.

13. The ____________ consists of devices and means of transmitting bits across computer networks.

Answers

·        modulation

·        physical layer

·        network layer

·        data link layer

Explanation: The "physical layer" of a computer network refers to the hardware and protocols used to move data packets throughout the network. The physical layer is the lowest layer in both the OSI model and the TCP/IP model. Its responsibility is to deal with the physical connection between devices, which includes the transmission and receipt of raw bit streams across a physical medium such as cables or wireless connections.

14. What is the most common type of cabling used for connecting computing devices?

Answers

·        VGA Cable

·        SATA Cable

·        Power Cable

·        Twisted Pair Cable

Explanation: Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable is the form of wiring that is used the most often in the process of connecting computers and other electronic devices to local area networks (LANs). UTP cables are quite popular for usage in Ethernet connections. This includes the most common varieties of Ethernet cable, such as Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6a, and Cat7.

The fact that these cables are made up of twisted pairs of insulated copper wires, as well as the fact that they are simple to set up, all contribute to their widespread use. Additionally, their capacity to enable high-speed data transmission contributes to their popularity. UTP cables are used not just for wired Ethernet connections but also for the purpose of connecting devices that are part of a local network. These devices include printers, PCs, and network switches.

15. Which of the following are category types of Twisted Pair Ethernet cable? (Select all that apply)

Answers

·        Foiled Twisted Pair (FTP).

·        USB cable

·        Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP).

·        Shielded Twisted Pair (STP).

16. How many octets are there in a MAC address?

Answers

·        4

·        5

·        8

·        6

Explanation: A MAC address, which stands for "Media Access Control," is made up of six octets, which are also referred to as bytes or pairs of hexadecimal numbers. A different section of the MAC address is represented by each octet, and the total length of the address is 48 bits. It is common practice to write the format as six pairs of hexadecimal numbers separated by colons or hyphens (for example, 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E).

17. What address is used for Ethernet broadcasts?

Answers

·        FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF

·        FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:00

·        00:00:00:00:00:00

·        11:11:11:11:11:11

Explanation: When transmitting data over Ethernet, broadcasts make use of a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address that is referred to as the broadcast address. In Ethernet, the broadcast address is denoted by the destination address field being filled entirely with binary 1s (or hexadecimal Fs), whichever is appropriate. In hexadecimal notation, the precise address for broadcasting is represented as FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF. When a frame is sent to this address by a device, it is meant to be received by all devices that are on the same network segment as the sending device.

18. What is a cyclical redundancy check?

Answers

·        A way for two computers to synchronize their clocks.

·        A technique that allows for multiple logical LANs to operate on the same equipment.

·        A mathematical calculation used to ensure that all data arrived intact.

·        The actual data being transported by an Ethernet frame.

Explanation: A Cyclical Redundancy Check, often known as a CRC, is a kind of error-detecting code that is frequently used in the error detection processes of network communication and storage. It is a sort of hash function that requires a data block as an input and returns a string of bits with a specified length; this string is known as the CRC value.

When it comes to networking, CRC is often used as a tool for checking the data's integrity after it has been transferred. The CRC value for the data is computed by the sender, who then adds it at the end of the message that is sent. When the message is received, the CRC value is recalculated by the receiver, and this new value is compared to the CRC value that was sent. If the numbers are the same, this indicates that the data is most likely accurate; if they are not, there may be some mistakes.

The CRC is a straightforward and effective method for error detection; but, unlike more complicated codes, it does not allow error repair. The Data Link layer of the OSI model is one of the most popular places for its use, notably in protocols like Ethernet.

19. Which of the following are ways for transmitting data at the Ethernet level? (Select all that apply)

Answers

·        Unicast

·        Duplex

·        Broadcast

·        Multicast

20. Which of the following are parts of an Ethernet frame? (Select all that apply)

Answers

·        Data payload

·        EtherType field

·        Broadcast

·        Preamble

21 Which protocol provides mechanisms ensuring data is reliably delivered?

Answers

·        Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

·        Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

·        User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

·        Internet Protocol (IP)

Explanation: The Transmission Control Protocol, often known as TCP, is the protocol that provides the procedures necessary to ensure the consistent transmission of data over computer networks. TCP is responsible for establishing and maintaining connections, as well as assuring the reliable and orderly transport of data between applications running on devices that are part of a network. It runs at the Transport layer (Layer 4) of the OSI model, which is the fourth tier of the model. The transfer Control Protocol (TCP) achieves reliable data transfer by using protocols and procedures such as acknowledgment, retransmission, and flow control.

22. Select the right order of the TCP/IP Five-layer network model.

Answers

·        Physical Layer > Data Link Layer > Network Layer > Transport Layer > Application Layer.

·        Physical Layer > Application Layer > Data link Layer > Network Layer > Transport Layer

·        Physical Layer > Network Layer > Data link Layer > Transport Layer > Application Layer

·        Physical Layer > Data link Layer > Transport Layer > Network Layer > Application Layer

 

23. Which layer in the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) model does IP use?

Answers

·        Network

·        Physical

·        Transport

·        Data link

Explanation: At the Network layer of the TCP/IP scheme, the Internet Protocol (IP) is what's in charge of communications. Data packets are logically addressed, routed, and sent between devices that are connected to various networks via the Network layer, which is responsible for this function. IP addresses are used to identify devices on a network in a way that is completely unique to each device. This enables routers to decide how to send data packets to the correct location.

 

24. What type of cable communicates binary data by changing the voltage between two ranges?

Answers

·        Copper

·        Fiber

·        Silver

·        Gold

Explanation: Digital signaling is often linked with the sort of cable that can transfer binary data by varying the voltage between two ranges. This form of cable is prevalent in a variety of communication systems, including Ethernet, and may be found in both of these contexts. Non-Return to Zero encoding is a common name for this kind of communication, which also goes by that acronym.

For the purpose of communicating binary 0s and 1s, for instance in Ethernet communication carried out via twisted pair wires, the voltage on the connection is altered. The particular voltage levels are determined by the encoding system that is being used, which may be the Manchester encoding or one of its variations, such as the 4B/5B encoding. Alterations in voltage assist in the transmission and interpretation of digital data that is sent over the wire.

25. What is a network with only a single device at each end of the link called?

Answers

·        A point to point connection

·        A twisted pair network

·        A switching hub

·        A collision domain

Explanation: A point-to-point network is a kind of network that consists of a single device at either end of the connection. This type of network does not connect to any other networks. In a point-to-point network, the only nodes that are directly linked to one another are the two devices that make up the network. This kind of arrangement is rather prevalent in a variety of different communication systems, such as point-to-point communication links in the telecommunications industry or direct connections between two computers or routers. For example, in telecommunications, point-to-point communication lines are known as P2P links. Connecting two devices over a point-to-point connection is a basic and effective method that utilizes a dedicated communication channel.

 

26. Which device forwards data and operates at layer three of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) model?

Answers

·        Client

·        Switch

·        Router

·        Hub

Explanation: A router is a device that works at Layer 3 of the TCP/IP architecture and is responsible for the forwarding of data. Routers are devices in networks that function at the Network layer and are in charge of directing data traffic across various networks based on logical addressing (such as IP addresses). Routers are classified as operating at the Network layer. They are responsible for determining how data packets should be sent from one network to another across linked networks in order to facilitate communication between devices that are located on separate subnets or networks.

27. Which of the following is something that requests data from a server?

Answers

·        Hub

·        Router

·        Client

·        Switch

Explanation: The term "client" is normally reserved for referring to anything that makes a request for data from a server. A client is the piece of hardware or software that makes requests for services or resources from a server in an architecture that employs a client-server model. Clients may take the form of either devices or applications. Clients may be anything from personal computers and mobile phones to smartphones and any other device or software application that requires certain services or data from a server. On the other hand, the server is the piece of hardware or software that, in response to requests made by clients, delivers the services or resources that the clients have requested.

28. Which type of communication does a telephone use?

Answers

·        Full duplex

·        Twisted

·        Half Duplex

·        Simplex

Explanation: The term "full-duplex" refers to the kind of communication that is generally used by telephones. Full-duplex communication enables both the caller and the receiver to speak and listen simultaneously, simulating the flow of a real conversation between the two parties. In "half-duplex" communication, on the other hand, communication may go in both ways, but not at the same time. This contrasts with "full-duplex" communication. Participants in a system using half-duplex communication take turns sending and receiving information. Full-duplex communication, which is used in telephones, makes it possible to have discussions that are more natural and participatory.

29. Fill in the blank: There will almost always be some troubleshooting data available through_____.

Answers

·        Stop LEDs

·        Wire lights

·        Port lights

·        Action LEDs

Explanation: Through the system logs, there will usually always be some data that may be used for troubleshooting.

 

30. Fill in the blank: The most common data link layer protocol for wired connections is _____.

Answers

·        UDP

·        BGP

·        TCP

·        Ethernet

 Explanation: Ethernet is the data link layer protocol that is used the most often for wired connections.

31. What does the letter B represent in a Media Access Control (MAC) address?

Answers

·        9

·        10

·        15

·        11

Explanation: When writing a Media Access Control (MAC) address, the letter "B" is equivalent to the hexadecimal number 11, and vice versa. The notation used to write MAC addresses is typically hexadecimal, and the values 10-15 in base-16 are represented by the letters A through F. MAC addresses are always expressed in hexadecimal. Therefore, the number 11 in hexadecimal represents the letter B in decimal notation. For instance, the number 11 is represented by the "2B" in the MAC address "00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E," where "2B" is the value of the third pair of hexadecimal digits.

32. Where in an ethernet frame will you find a Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) header?

Answers

·        Before the EtherType field

·        Frame Check Sequence

·        Preamble

·        Payload

Explanation: The 802.1Q tag of an Ethernet packet is normally where the information on the Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) header may be located. To determine which VLAN the Ethernet frame belongs to, an 802.1Q tag is appended to the frame before it is sent across the network. Within the Ethernet frame, it is inserted in the gap that exists between the source MAC address and the EtherType/length field.

The frame contains information such as the VLAN ID, which is included inside the VLAN header. This VLAN ID identifies the particular VLAN to which the frame belongs. Because of the availability of the VLAN tag, it is possible to divide a network into a number of different virtual LANs, each of which may have its own VLAN ID. This results in an improvement in the network's structure and administration.

Shuffle Q/A 1

33. Which of the following is the first layer of the TCP/IP Five-layer network model.

Answers

·        Physical

·        Data link

·        Transport

·        Network

 

34. When an electrical pulse on one wire is accidentally detected on another nearby wire, this is known as what?

Answers

·        Cross Talk

·        Multicast

·        Duplex

·        Preamble

Explanation: The phenomenon known as "crosstalk" occurs when an electrical pulse that is occurring on one wire is mistakenly detected on another wire that is located nearby. Crosstalk is a kind of electromagnetic interference that occurs when the signals sent on one communication channel interfere with the signals transmitted on a neighboring channel. also in wired networks where several cables run in close proximity, it may cause to signal deterioration and influence the overall performance of a communication system. This is also true in wireless networks. To reduce the amount of interference caused by crosstalk in communication cables, proper cable shielding and twisted pair topologies are used.

 

35. Multiple systems try to send data at the same time. The electrical pulses sent across the cable interfere with each other. What type of network segment is being used?

Answers

·        Wide Area Network (WAN)

·        Subnet

·        Local Area Network (LAN)

·        Collision domain

Explanation: If many systems attempt to transfer data at the same time, and the electrical pulses that are delivered over the cable interfere with each other, then it is probable that a shared network segment with a bus topology is being utilized. All of the devices in a bus topology are linked to the same communication channel, which is referred to as the bus, and they all use the same communication medium. This might result in collisions, which occur when data from many devices overlap and cause interference with one another. This can possibly lead to the loss of data. In Ethernet networks that make use of a bus architecture, a protocol known as CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) is often used to regulate access to the shared channel and to deal with collisions.

 

36. What device provides emails to devices like laptops and desktop computers?

Answers

·        Server

·        Switch

·        Router

·        Hub

Explanation: An email server is a device that distributes electronic mail to other computing devices, such as laptops and desktop computers. The management and storage of email messages, as well as the coordination of the sending and receiving of emails across various devices, are all tasks that fall within the purview of an email server. Email client software, such as Outlook or Thunderbird, is used by electronic devices like laptops and desktop computers to connect to an email server, which enables the devices to retrieve or send emails. The email server, which functions as a centralized hub for the management and distribution of email messages, is an essential component in the process of electronic mail communication.

 

37. Fill in the blank: When data flows across a cable in both directions, this is known as_____ communication.

Answers

·        Cross talk

·        Duplex

·        Simplex

·        Ethernet

Explanation: Communication is said to be "full-duplex" when information travels over a cable in both directions simultaneously. Full-duplex communication enables simultaneous data transmission and reception, which results in communication that is both more effective and more two-way.

 

38. Which of these devices contains many network ports, but does no other work than being a container for cable endpoints?

Answers

·        Hub

·        Patch Panel

·        Router

·        Switch

Explanation: In common parlance, a "hub" is the name given to a piece of networking hardware that is equipped with a number of network ports but has no use other than to house cable endpoints. Hubs are used to link several devices in a local area network (LAN), and they function on the physical layer of the Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI). Hubs, in contrast to switches, do not intelligently transmit data based on MAC addresses; rather, they merely broadcast incoming data to all connected devices. Switches may intelligently forward data based on MAC addresses. Switches are more frequent in current network configurations as opposed to hubs since switches are able to selectively route data to the devices that need it. Hubs have been less widespread in recent times.

 

39. What is used to determine when the communications channels are clear and when a device is free to transmit data?

Answers

·        Internet Protocol (IP)

·        Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

·        Ethernet

·        Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

Explanation: The Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) protocol is used to identify whether the communication channels are clear and when a device is free to send data. CSMA stands for Carrier Sense Multiple Access, while CD stands for Collision Detection. CSMA/CD is most often linked with classic Ethernet networks that run on a shared communication channel, such as coaxial wires. These networks typically use Ethernet.

Before sending any data, a device that uses the CSMA/CD protocol "listens" to the channel that is being used for communication. If there are no obstructions in the channel, the broadcast will continue. If two devices try to transmit at the same time and a collision occurs, CSMA/CD will identify the collision and start a backoff period before the devices try to communicate again. This will prevent further collisions from occurring. Full-duplex communication is used often in modern Ethernet networks; hence, CSMA/CD cannot be used in these kinds of environments.

 

40. You need to identify the manufacturer of a network interface. Where will you look for this information?

Answers

·        The last octet of a Media Access Control (MAC) address

·        The first three octets of a Media Access Control (MAC) address

·        The first octet of a Media Access Control (MAC) address

·        The fourth octet of a Media Access Control (MAC) address

Explanation: If you look at the MAC address, also known as the Media Access Control address, of a network interface, you will be able to determine who the manufacturer of the network interface is. The first few digits of a MAC address often identify the manufacturer of the device. The Media Access Control (MAC) address is a unique identification that is issued to network interfaces.

This component of the MAC address is referred to as the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI), and it is responsible for determining the manufacturer. You are able to seek for OUI information in databases that are open to the public and are made accessible by organizations such as the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). You are able to discover the manufacturer associated with a MAC address by using search tools or databases that look up MAC addresses online and enable you to enter the OUI.

 

41. What immediately follows the Start Frame Delimiter in an ethernet frame?

Answers

·        Destination Media Access Control (MAC) address

·        Payload

·        Frame Check Sequence

·        EtherType field

Explanation: The Destination MAC Address field is located in an Ethernet frame just after the Start Frame Delimiter (SFD), which is located at the very beginning of the frame. The MAC address of the device to which the Ethernet frame is directed may be found specified in the Destination MAC Address field of the Ethernet frame. Following the field that indicates the MAC address of the recipient, the next field is called the Source MAC Address field, and it indicates the MAC address of the sender. The structure of an Ethernet frame is comprised not just of these elements but also of the Type or Length field, any following data fields, and any checksum fields.

 

42. True or false: Fiber cables use pulses of light to represent the ones and zeros of data.

Answers

·        True

·        False

Explanation: True. Data is sent across fiber optic lines as bursts of light rather than the traditional ones and zeros. Data is communicated by optical fiber connection using light signals, which may be modified to encode digital information in order to ensure secure transmission. The presence or absence of light pulses correlates to binary 1s and 0s, which enables high-speed and high-capacity data transfer across great distances with minimum signal loss. This is made possible by the fact that light pulses may either be on or off.

 

43. True or false: Most devices are purely a server or a client.

Answers

·        True

·        False

Explanation: Not true. The term "client-server model" refers to a concept in which clients and servers are separate entities, yet many current gadgets may perform the functions of both. A computer, for instance, may perform the function of a client when it requests data from a server (for instance, when it accesses a website), and it can perform the function of a server when it provides data or services to other devices (for instance, when it shares files or hosts a website). It is not always possible to make a clear difference between the responsibilities of client and server, and many different types of devices have the potential to execute either or both of these tasks, depending on the circumstances and the services to which they have access or are delivering.

 

44. A Local Area Network (LAN) uses Category 6 cabling. An issue with a connection results in a network link degradation and only one device can communicate at a time, but information can still go in either direction. What is the connection operating at?

Answers

·        Simplex

·        Half Duplex

·        Partial

·        Full Duplex

Explanation: The fact that only one device at a time is capable of communicating yet information may still go in either way is indicative of a half-duplex functioning under the scenario that has been described. Devices that are using half-duplex communication are only able to send or receive data at any one moment; they cannot do both at the same time. It's possible that this is an indication of a problem with the network or a misconfiguration that's causing it to degrade to half-duplex mode. Local Area Networks (LANs) should ideally be wired using Category 6 cable and configured correctly so that they run in full-duplex mode. This would make it possible for devices to communicate with one another in both directions simultaneously.

Shuffle Q/A 2

45. What is the most common plug used with twisted pair network cables?

Answers

·        Registered Jack 35

·        Registered Jack 45

·        Registered Jack 11

·        Registered Jack 46

Explanation: The Registered Jack 45 (RJ45) connection is by far the most popular kind of plug that is used with twisted pair network cables. The RJ45 connector is the standard connector for connecting devices to a Local Area Network (LAN) utilizing twisted pair cables like Cat5e, Cat6, or Cat6a cables. It is commonly used for Ethernet connections and is the connector of choice for most Ethernet connections. RJ45 connections are often linked with modular connectors and each include eight pins. These connectors are used for Ethernet cables as well as telephone cables.

 

46. Which layer abstracts away the need for any other layers to care about what hardware is in use?

Answers

·        Transport

·        Data Link

·        Physical

·        Network

Explanation: The "Network layer" (Layer 3) is the layer that removes the need for any of the other levels to be concerned with the specific hardware that is being used. In networking protocols, such as the OSI model or the TCP/IP model, the Network layer is responsible for logical addressing, routing, and the forwarding of data packets across various networks. Similarly, the Transport layer is responsible for the transport of data packets. It does this by hiding the specifics of the underlying hardware in order to make it possible for various devices and networks to connect with one another, independent of the particular hardware technologies that are being used. One example of a protocol that operates at the Network layer and makes this abstraction easier to achieve is known as the Internet Protocol (IP).

47. Fill in the blank: MAC address stands for ____ address

Answers

·        Media Access Control

·        Maximum Allowable Cost

·        Message Authentication Check

·        Memory Access Controller

Explanation: The abbreviation for "Media Access Control" address is "MAC address."

48. Which layer in the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) model is responsible for defining a common way to interpret signals so network devices can communicate?

Answers

·        Data link

·        Application

·        Transport

·        Network

Explanation: The "Link layer" or "Network Interface layer" is the TCP/IP model layer that is responsible for providing a standard mechanism to interpret signals so that network devices may interact with one another. This is done at the "Link layer." In the OSI model, this layer corresponds to both the Data Link layer (Layer 2) and the Physical layer (Layer 1). It discusses the hardware-specific specifics of how signals are conveyed across the network medium and how devices on the same network understand these signals. It also discusses how signals are received by devices on the same network. The framing, addressing, and error-checking procedures that are required for dependable communication on a local network segment are encapsulated in the Link layer of the networking stack.

49. Which protocol do routers use to determine the optimal path to forward traffic?

Answers

·        User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

·        Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

·        Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

·        Internet Protocol (IP)

50. True or false: The TCP provides mechanisms to ensure that data is reliably delivered.

Answers

·        True

·        False

Explanation: True. The Transmission Control Protocol, often known as TCP, is responsible for providing the procedures that guarantee the accurate delivery of data. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented protocol that ensures the secure and sequential transfer of data between different devices on a network. Acknowledgment methods, retransmission of lost or damaged packets, and flow control are used in order to accomplish this goal. Flow control is utilized in order to govern the pace of data transfer between the sender and the receiver.

51. Which layer of the network model includes specifications for cables and connectors and how signals are sent over these connections?

Answers

·        Data link

·        Network

·        Physical

·        Transport

Explanation: The "Physical layer" of a network model is the layer that contains the requirements for cables and connectors, as well as the manner in which signals are sent across these connections, and it is called "Physical layer." The Physical layer is the lowest layer in both the OSI model and the TCP/IP model. This layer deals with the physical transmission of raw bits across a physical channel and is the lowest layer in both models. Specifications for cables and connections, as well as voltage levels and the physical features of the transmission medium, are included in this document.

52. You have installed a device at the physical layer. All of the systems you connect to this device will talk to each other at the same time. What have you installed?

Answers

·        Client

·        Hub

·        Server

·        Router

Explanation: If you have installed a device at the physical layer and all of the systems that are linked to this device are able to communicate with each other simultaneously, it is probable that you have installed a hub. A hub is a fundamental networking device that links numerous devices to one another inside a local area network (LAN). It works at the physical layer of the OSI model and is part of the OSI model. However, it is essential to keep in mind that hubs function in a shared environment, which may result in the occurrence of possible collisions and a decrease in the effectiveness of network communication. Because of their superior performance and ability to prevent collisions, switches have largely replaced hubs as the device of choice in contemporary network configurations.

53. Which section in an ethernet frame contains the data from higher layers, such as Internet Protocol (IP) and the transport and application layers?

Answers

·        Payload

·        Frame Check Sequence

·        Preamble

·        EtherType

Explanation: The part of an Ethernet frame known as the "Data" or "Payload" field is the portion that stores the information coming from higher levels. These higher layers include the Internet Protocol (IP), the transport layer, and the application layer. The encapsulated data from higher-layer protocols is included in the payload of an Ethernet frame, which comes after the Ethernet header in an Ethernet frame. Information from protocols such as IP, TCP, and UDP, as well as data from application layers, may be carried in the payload.